The title "Living National Treasure" holds profound meaning in Japanese society. These artisans are seen as living embodiments of Japan's cultural identity, representing a bridge between the past and the present. Through their mastery of traditional arts and crafts, Living National Treasures preserve the techniques, knowledge, and artistic expressions that have been passed down through generations. They play a vital role as mentors, passing on their skills and expertise to apprentices, ensuring the continuity of these ancient crafts for future generations. By actively engaging in workshops, public demonstrations, and collaborations, Living National Treasures inspire a deeper appreciation for traditional arts, both within Japan and on the global stage, making their contributions invaluable in safeguarding the essence of Japan's cultural heritage.

Beyond preserving tangible objects, they safeguard the intangible aspects of Japan's cultural legacy. Their efforts not only promote a deeper appreciation for traditional arts domestically but also serve as cultural ambassadors, sharing Japan's artistic richness and cultural heritage with the global community. As revered artisans, Living National Treasures hold a unique and revered position in Japan's society, preserving the nation's soul and fostering a profound sense of cultural pride.

Significance and Historical Background

This prestigious title not only acknowledges the artisans' exceptional talents, but also emphasizes their vital responsibility in passing down their knowledge and expertise to the next generation of apprentices. Only 116 Living National Treasures exist, 58 of which represent the field of crafts. Therefore, once the cap number is reached, no more masters can receive this sought-after title, even if their skills are exceptional.

During the Meiji period in 1890, the Imperial Household Agency of Japan established the position of Imperial Household Artist (帝室技芸員, Teishitsu Gigei-in) to create artworks for the Tokyo Imperial Palace and other imperial residences. From 1890 to 1944, seventy-nine artists, both from fine and decorative arts backgrounds, were appointed to this prestigious position, typically those with distinguished careers. The program aimed to promote Japanese art, preserve traditional techniques, and inspire new generations of artists. Imperial Household Artists received an annual payment of 100 yen and were required to submit one example of their work upon appointment, as well as accept commissions from the Imperial Household Agency, including works for presentation to foreign dignitaries.

Despite their significance, most of the commissioned artworks are not publicly accessible. Some can be viewed in the Museum of the Imperial Collections, the Kiyomizu Sannenzaka Museum, the Tokyo National Museum, and the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art. While the system of Imperial Household Artists was discontinued after World War II, the Japanese government continues to protect and designate important artists under the title of Living National Treasures. In 1950, under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, the designation of Living Treasure became a prestigious honorific title bestowed by the Japanese government.

Explanation of the title "Living National Treasure"

The term "Living National Treasure," known as "Ningen Kokuhō" in Japanese, refers to individuals who have been officially recognized and certified by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology under Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties as Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties (重要無形文化財保持者, Jūyō Mukei Bunkazai Hojisha). These esteemed individuals are acknowledged for their exceptional skills and contributions in safeguarding and promoting Japan's important intangible cultural heritage.

There are three types of certification for Living National Treasures:

Individual Certification (各個認定, Kakko Nintei): This designation is awarded to individuals who have achieved a high level of mastery in a particular art or craft.

Collective Certification (総合認定, Sōgō Nintei): This certification is given to groups of two or more individuals who collectively demonstrate a high level of mastery in an art or craft, working together in common.

Preservation Group Certification (保持団体認定, Hoji Dantai Nintei): This certification is granted to large groups that have mastered an art or craft in which individual character is not emphasized.

Among these three types of certification, it is generally only those who have received "Individual Certification" who are referred to as Living National Treasures. Individuals and groups working in artistic fields such as drama and music may receive Individual and Collective Certifications, while those working in the crafts may receive either Individual or Preservation Group Certifications.

Selection Process and Criteria for Designation

The process of granting national recognition for all categories of cultural property involves four steps: investigation, candidate selection, examination by the investigative commission, and deliberation by the Council for Cultural Affairs.

First of all the following three requirements have to be satisfied to initiate the selection process.

• Locality of the art or craft. The skills need to come from a Japanese region

• Tradition. The art or craft must have a long history with techniques and procedures passed on for generations.

• Perpetuation of the techniques. The knowledge of the art or craft must be able to be transferred to apprentices.

After these requirements are met, the procedure for designating Living National Treasures becomes more rigorous, with thorough investigations conducted for each candidate. These investigations consider various factors, such as the candidates' artistic and technical abilities, health status, previous awards, number of successors, position in the community or circle of relevance, and personality and ability. The number of new Living National Treasures appointed each year varies, making it challenging to maintain a geographical and disciplinary balance among the recognized honorees. This title empowers the holder with extraordinary respect in Japanese society and, once the artist or craftsman receives this honor, their profile is raised and their artwork receives high evaluations.

In return for the grant received, each individual or group recognized as a Living National Treasure has specific obligations. These include training successors to continue the relevant know-how or techniques, developing artistic skills and knowledge, communicating skills to the public through performances or exhibitions, and documenting the relevant knowledge either through audio-visual or written forms. Every master has usually a following of students that learn by meticulously observing the technique. It is important for every student to learn the traditional fundamentals of the art or craft, but it is also crucial for them to develop their own style or peculiarity, to ensure never-ending improvement and permanence in time.

The state may also purchase craft or other works that serve as models for the continuing transmission of the tradition. Regular monitoring by the ACA ensures that Living National Treasures fulfill their responsibilities and can effectively pass on their expertise to future generations. As of 2013, a total of 114 individuals and 26 groups, along with 78 individual elements and 26 group elements, have been designated as Living National Treasures and Important Intangible Cultural Property recipients.

While the Living National Treasures system has significantly contributed to preserving Japan's intangible heritage, several issues have come to light. Firstly, the recognition is limited to a select number of individuals or groups excelling in specific areas of intangible heritage, such as classical performing arts or sophisticated crafts designated as important intangible cultural properties. This restrictive approach may overlook other valuable and historically significant art forms that are not as strictly formatted or documented.

Secondly, the emphasis on maintaining authenticity at the time of inscription poses challenges for artists and practitioners who may wish to introduce creative renewal or adapt their craft to modern circumstances. The requirement to adhere strictly to traditional methods can be problematic in cases where certain materials are no longer available in Japan, as seen in the field of craft techniques like lacquer.

Historical Context and Cultural Importance

Historical Roots of Traditional Arts and Crafts in Japan

The historical roots of traditional arts and crafts in Japan run deep, dating back thousands of years and reflecting the nation's rich cultural heritage. Many of these art forms find their origins in ancient rituals, religious practices, and courtly traditions. The early periods of Japanese history, such as the Jomon (14,000-300 BCE) and Yayoi (300 BCE - 300 CE) periods, witnessed the emergence of pottery and textile crafts, laying the foundation for Japan's artistic pursuits. With the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century, intricate temple architecture, sculptures, and exquisite Buddhist paintings flourished, shaping the country's artistic landscape.

During the Heian period (794-1185), Japan's imperial court culture further enriched traditional arts, with the development of calligraphy, courtly dance, and refined court music, particularly gagaku. The Kamakura (1185-1333) and Muromachi (1336-1573) periods marked a shift towards samurai patronage of the arts, leading to the development of exquisite sword-making, tea ceremony, Noh theater, and the elegant art of ikebana (flower arranging). The Edo period (1603-1868) brought peace and stability, fostering a flourishing culture and the growth of various arts such as ukiyo-e woodblock prints, kabuki theater, and sumi-e ink painting. Throughout these historical periods, the traditional arts and crafts of Japan evolved and absorbed influences from other cultures, resulting in a diverse and unique artistic heritage that remains cherished and preserved to this day.

Categories of Living National Treasures

Various Fields and Disciplines Represented

The Living National Treasures list in Japan encompasses a wide range of fields and disciplines, each representing the country's profound cultural heritage. In the traditional crafts, pottery and ceramics occupy a significant place, with Living National Treasures recognized for their mastery in renowned styles like Shigaraki, Seto, and Hagi ware. The art of lacquerware is also well-represented, with exceptional craftsmen skilled in the meticulous process of applying layers of lacquer to create exquisite decorative and functional objects. Woodwork, including the traditional technique of "yosegi zaiku," where intricate patterns are crafted by assembling different wood pieces, has its place among the designated Living Treasures. These handcrafted pieces of art are unreplicabale and unique in their own way. Following is an extensive list of all the categories a Living National Treasure can fall under:

Performing Arts:

• Noh

• Bunraku

• Kabuki

• Kumi Odori

• Music

• Dance

• Drama

Crafts:

• Pottery

• Textiles

• Lacquerware

• Metalworking

• Dollmaking

• Woodworking

• Papermaking

In the performing arts, Noh and Kabuki theater take center stage, with Living National Treasures preserving and passing down the captivating performances, elaborate costumes, and time-honored narratives of these dramatic traditions. The field of traditional music is equally prominent, with Living National Treasures recognized for their exceptional expertise in playing traditional instruments like the koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi. Additionally, the tea ceremony and ikebana (flower arranging) feature prominently on the list, representing the profound cultural significance of these practices in Japanese society. The Living National Treasures list reflects the depth and diversity of Japan's traditional arts and cultural practices, highlighting the dedication and mastery of exceptional artisans and performers in preserving these invaluable treasures for future generations.

Contributions and Impact

Preservation and Transmission of Traditional Skills and Knowledge

The preservation and transmission of traditional skills and knowledge are at the core of Japan's Living National Treasure program. Living Treasures, as recognized masters of their respective crafts and performing arts, play a crucial role in safeguarding the techniques, aesthetics, and cultural significance of Japan's traditional arts. Through their dedication to perfection and adherence to ancient methods, they ensure that time-honored skills are passed down through generations, maintaining the continuity of these invaluable cultural practices. This preservation effort is not limited to the physical aspects of the crafts but also encompasses the intangible elements, such as the underlying philosophies, rituals, and historical context that breathe life into each artistic creation.

The international recognition of Japan's traditional culture has been highlighted by the designation of some Living National Treasures as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Notably, the traditional theater forms of Noh and Kabuki have been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, showcasing the global significance of these art forms. Additionally, various traditional Japanese crafts, such as Washi paper-making and Mingei folk crafts, have also received UNESCO recognition. Such international acclaim highlights the exceptional cultural value of Japan's traditional arts and promotes their preservation not only within Japan but also on the global stage. Furthermore, the recognition fosters cross-cultural dialogue and exchange, encouraging people from different countries to engage with and appreciate the beauty and significance of Japan's traditional cultural heritage.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Aging Population and Succession Issues

Keeping traditional arts and cultural practices alive in modern-day Japan faces significant challenges, particularly due to the aging population of Living National Treasures and succession issues. Many of these master craftsmen and performers are elderly, and there is a growing concern that their valuable skills and knowledge might be lost as they pass away without suitable successors. The traditional apprenticeship system takes a lot of time, making it difficult to attract and retain young apprentices. As a result, the lowering number of skilled practitioners risks the erosion of Japan's cultural heritage. As well, Japan's population is growing older, meaning less young people can take up the role of a Living Nation Treasure.

Living National Treasures may have family members who are willing to inherit and carry on the craft, but this is not always the case. Some Living National Treasures do not want family members to continue for them as it does not make enough money for a comfortable living. Addressing these challenges requires innovative approaches, such as creating incentives for young artists to pursue traditional crafts, promoting mentorship programs, and raising awareness of the cultural importance and beauty of Japan's artistic legacy. Only by nurturing a new generation of passionate practitioners can these cherished traditions be preserved and continue to thrive in the future.

Balancing Tradition and Innovation

Balancing tradition and innovation presents a complex challenge in preserving traditional Japanese arts and cultural practices. On one hand, the authenticity and continuity of these time-honored crafts rely on adhering to centuries-old techniques and aesthetics. Deviating too far from tradition may risk diluting the essence of these art forms and distancing them from their historical context. However, on the other hand, embracing innovation is essential to ensure the relevance and sustainability of these practices in the modern world. 

The challenge in striking this balance is multifaceted. While preserving the core essence and techniques of traditional arts is essential, incorporating innovative elements can revitalize these practices and attract a broader audience. Finding innovative ways to present traditional arts, such as using digital media for performances or creating contemporary interpretations of traditional themes, can bridge the gap between tradition and modernity. At the same time, it is essential to ensure that innovation complements rather than overwhelms the traditional aspects, preserving the authenticity and cultural significance of these art forms. 

Efforts to preserve and revitalize traditional crafts

One major challenge in preserving and revitalizing traditional crafts is attracting a new generation of artisans to carry on these practices. The rigorous and time-consuming nature of apprenticeships may deter younger individuals from committing to traditional crafts, especially when compared to more contemporary and economically rewarding career paths. To address this, efforts are being made to create apprenticeship programs that are more flexible and adaptable to modern lifestyles, while still offering comprehensive training. Additionally, promoting the value and beauty of traditional crafts to younger audiences through educational programs, public exhibitions, and interactive workshops is essential in instilling a sense of pride and interest in these art forms. By fostering a renewed appreciation for traditional crafts and showcasing their relevance in today's world, these efforts can inspire a new generation of artisans to embrace and carry forward these cherished cultural treasures.

In the end, the title of ‘Living National Treasure’ is not just an honorific mention. Masters of these arts and crafts are able to absorb the beauty of nature and translate it into performances and artwork, creating objects and moments that can never be duplicated. This uniqueness makes these pieces of art almost invaluable and represent the connection between us and the master that created them. They are essential in the preservation of Japan’s magnificent culture. Living National Treasures are the embodiment of the past, the ambassadors of the present, and the builders of the future.